La forme territoriale historique de l’ Etat – nation, entièrement maillée par les grandes institutions politiques, économiques et sociales, est renégociée par des collectifs de migrants désignés comme „ethniques“: ceuxci développent des mobilités assorties d’initiatives commerciales internationales collectives de grande ampleur, à distance des codes, lois et réglementations des échanges économiques ’officiels’. L’amplification spatiale et démographique de cesmobilités laisse augurer de la naissance d’une nouvelle forme de migration en phase avec les redéploiements économiques mondiaux marqués par la prédominance des échanges commerciaux et par la dispersion concomitante des moyens de production sur lesquels les Etats ont de moins en moins prise. Ces initiatives économiques collectives, assorties de gestations de territoires originaux, favorables aux circulations transnationales, engendrent des rapports sociaux nouveaux qui présentent l’originalité de gommer les hiérarchies identitaires et politiques locales sédentaires, au bénéfice des savoir – circuler, des pluri – appartenances territoriales avec tout ce que cela suppose de distance aux parcours classiques de l’intégration. C’est ainsi que dans ces territoires nouveaux, politiquement peu pensés, mais fortement régulés par des codes internes de l’honneur, en premier lieu parmi les populations musulmanes, des migrants laborieux affirment de plus en plus le pouvoir des nomades sur les sédentaires, de l’initiative communautaire transnationale sur les perspectives de l’intégration nationale. En Europe, l’extension territoriale incessante sur le mode du libre-échangisme économique crée des opportunités favorables au déploiement de ces nouvelles migrations, peu contrôlées car les pouvoirs politiques et les régulations qui en découlent sont défaillants, voire inexistants, entre espaces mondiaux, espaces européens – Schengen -, espaces régionaux et locaux. Nos Etats – nations, en effet, ont construit leur histoire politique et sociale autour de la sédentarité, du micro-lieu, dans les rapports à leurs propres citoyens, comme aux étrangers. Le pourtour méditerranéen est particulièrement concerné par ces mouvements. L’auteur, prend à témoin des recherches qu’il mène depuis 1985 sur le bassin méditerranéen occidental, et, depuis 2002, sur les mobilités migratoires moyen – orientales dans les Balkans.

In the context of intensified movements of people around the world in recent decades, which are becoming ever more complex in nature and as a way of functioning, this article focuses on the role of scientifi c research and the universities in understanding this phenomenon. In particular, the objective is to examine how the division of labor problems by gender and gender relations can contribute in conducting surveys on structures of discrimination and international migration.

Since 1989 East European countries became an important source of immigrants for the developed countries in the world in general, and in West European countries, in particular. Bulgaria ranges among the countries with highest emigration levels. In the same time, Bulgaria became an attractive destination for third-country nationals from the Middle East. However, in most East European countries, emigration rates remain higher than immigration rates. That process continues for over two decades, although its dynamics are settling down in the past few years. It is a process leading to decrease in national population, severe limitation of reproductive potential, numbers and quality of the human resources and potential for sustainable economic and social development. In that way, migration processes in Eastern European countries and in Bulgaria, in particular, pose a major challenge for their future and for their migration and integration policies. More and more women are involved in the migration flows, who often find jobs in the domestic service sector, assisting for the externalization of domestic/household labour and majority women’s inclusion in the sectors of paid labour, vocational and career fulfillment. Contemporary migration processes are predetermined by the imbalances of the economic and social developments in Europe and in the world but also by the various situations at the labour markets. The on-going economic downturn and financial crisis also affects migration flows, fosters mobility and aggravates immigrants’ insecurity. However, although reduced, the need of immigrant workforce in Europe remains high, while the considerable geographic movements of population require adequate integration policy.

It is discussed the immigration source of population growth in its future development in terms of number and age structure. The demographic problems lowing population size is overviewed from the point of view of equalization of immigration and emigration flows and capacity of emigrants to compensate the lost of labor work by augmenting the economically active population though increasing immigrants and maintaining the same or higher birth rate than in the time of forecasting performance. There are made a number of projection versions regarding the size and age structure of population evolution till 2060, accounting for the size and reproductive behaviour and life spend of immigrants. The final conclusion is that the immigrants increasing flows could play some compensation role in Bulgaria for the labor force rather than regarding the slowing of ageing rate. The prepared prognoses are recommended as policy oriented concerning the migrants and their attitude, return efficiency and demographic contribution.

The present paper deals with the problems of integration of immigrants on the EU labour markets and the related policies and measures implemented by the EU Member States. The analysis is made in the context of economic recession and still continuing, although at a more moderate pace, weakening of the labour markets across Europe. The author uses the Migrant integration policy index (MIPEX) and expands its methodology with the radar chart approach in order to draw conclusions about the existing policies for the integration of immigrants on the labour markets in some EU Member States. The analysis results show that the European governments gradually begin to concentrate their efforts on the implementation of unified measures in the area of immigrant integration, although with a different degree of completion, resources and success. Some of the initiatives under taken in different EU Member States include provision of basic language training, professionally-oriented and practical information about the immigrant rights in the area of labour markets and integration, advice for the access to basic labour market services at national and local level. Some of the Member States are in a process of introduction of integral approaches to immigration, focusing on the integration of immigrants, together with activities for battling illegal immigration in accordance with the establishment of legal immigration framework in response to the needs of the EU labour markets.

During the last few years the migration processes are becoming a constant trend, driven by people’s natural need for political and financial security and economical prosperity. The differences in economical, social and cultural development in the countries make the citizens of the less developed ones worldwide to focus on such with better way of life, better opportunities for higher payment and the living conditions are more favorable. Often enough, the migration processes affect not only the individuals but also their families who leave to the new country. This factor makes the figures of migration even greater and suggests the application of integration policies towards these flows as a necessity. In the current analyses the policies of integration of third country emigrants to some of the EU member would be presented. Those are members with traditions – such as Spain, Italy, Portugal and Holland. The experience of Romania would also be examined. We would try to systemize the good practices of those countries which could be used as a base of making suggestions of establishing those procedures in Bulgaria, by adapting them to the national characteristics.

At the basis of several author surveys here is made an attempt to identify the main problems of the migration processes and their influence on the labour market. Also to specify the policies that will solve the problems with social partners (trade union organisations and employers associations) participation. The demographic crisis, the structural deficit of the labour force at national labour market and current parameters of internal migration outline the need of policies to keep in control the emigration and balancing “import” of missing cadres. The municipalities are examined as local labour markets. Their classification according to number of population, unemployment rate, poverty rate, labour potential and the correlation between non working population and employees, shows that the most affected by the migration processes are the small municipalities. The biggest part of them is in depression. The author proves that there is mathematical dependence between non-working population and employment which can be used as criteria for effective investments for job creation in the municipalities in depression. The essential increasing role of the social partners in forming the country migration policy is outlined. They are involved in the national and transnational bodies dealing with the migration issues and propose concrete policies for solving the migration problems.

In the framework of the project BG EIF 2007/01.01 “State and trends of the immigration and politics for integration of immigrants in Bulgaria” a specialized survey was carried out. It was realized in November 2009 among the administrators engaged it this special kind of activities. According to the recommendations of the Ministry of labor and social policy the survey took place in municipalities with high concentration of immigrants: Sofia, Kurdjali, Haskovo, Dimitrovgrad, Plovdiv, Smolian, Stara Zagora, Pazardjik, Pernik, Gotze Delchev, Blagoevgrad and Shumen. The aims of the article are to introduce the method of sampling and to present the main results of the investigation.

Contemporary migration processes are a challenge for every scholar, research worker in respect of their dynamics and multi level migration theories. Bulgaria after joining EU is feeling the European problem of increasing immigration. For the few last years the country became from only “sending“ migration country to “receiving“ country in respect of migration flows. The article deals with this problem of a present day, presenting few researches dedicated on immigration problems in contemporary Bulgarian society. The article is focused on social status and internal group stratification of immigrants in Bulgaria. Through the problematic of identity and social stratification it reveals current state of immigration.

The successful practical application of the principle for immigrants’ integration in each member state of the European Union depends on a number of factors: the state and dynamics of the labour market, the administrative capacity of the institutions responsible for immigrants; the level of development of immigrants’ competencies and motivation to participate in the labour market; the attitudes and readiness of society to accept and assimilate immigrants in the labour and non-labour environment, etc At the end of 2009, a research was conducted in the framework of the project „State and tendencies of migration and the policies for immigrants’ integration in Bulgaria“, BG EIF 2007/01-01.01, which on one side researched the state and the attitudes of immigrants towards successful integration in the labour market, and on the other hand focused on the preparedness of a number of institutions to work effectively with immigrants. The current article presents the main results of the conducted research in three key areas: attitudes of immigrants in Bulgaria towards work and integration in the labour market; preparedness and attitudes of public administration staff in Bulgaria to work with immigrants; best practices for integration of immigrants in the labour market, shared by other European countries which could be an important source of information in the formation of future policies in this area in Bulgaria. Additionally taken into consideration are the main requirements for effective policies for the integration of immigrants in the EU, which are part of the concept for periodic definition of the European index for immigrants integration policies (MIPEXMigrant Integration Policy).

The conclusions drawn from research carried out by a team from the Institute of Postgraduate Qualification (IPQ) – University of National and World Economy (UNWE) are presented here. The research was held during the implementation of the project BG-EIF-2007/01-01-01 on „Conditions, Migration Trends and Immigrant Integration Policies“, realized with financial support from The European Fund for the Integration of third-country nationals (EIF) and the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. The conclusions and suggestions are made on the basis of discussions held on „The Challenges of Immigrant Integration in Local Communities“, focusing on groups from different regions (in the municipalities of Kardzhali, Burgas, Stara Zagora, Plovdiv and Shumen). Representatives of institutions and services, working with immigrants and family members of the respective municipalities participated in this study. The suggestions that were made reflect the specifics of: the particular regional discussions; demonstrated good practices; problems being brought out and suggestions of the interested parties. A strong emphasis is placed on the ways of coordination of integration activities at local level, the management of resources and the role of different public and private participants in financing integration policies and practices.

IMIR in a project under the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission on „Undocumented Worker Transitions: Compiling evidence concerning the boundaries and processes of change in the status and work of undocumented workers in Europe (UWT)“. The project was implemented two years and ended in 2009. The purpose of this project was to study the migrant and refugee pathways in the corresponding countries including the undocumented migration and trafficked people. A special accent was put on the informal element when looking for job, as well as on the nature of the migrant labour market. The project documented the factors that determine migration – both legal and illegal, and focused on undocumented immigrants, or those with limited status, which restricts or precludes their employment. Migration and work trajectories of migrants in the seven partner countries were analyzed on the basis of their ethnicity, age and gender, which are key factors in understanding the migration and refugee flows. As a result of the conducted interviews a more reliable description of migration flows was achieved, the impact of these flows on the EU labour market was explained, as well as the relationship between them and the informal or hidden economy. The migrant and refugee pathways and models into and outside the EU were mapped. Knowledge on how legal status interacts with the migrants’ positions on the labour market was deepened. The Bulgarian team consisted of: Antonina Zhelyazkova – research leader, Violeta Angelova – coordinator, Zhelyu Vladimirov – researcher, Mila Mancheva – researcher.

Through the 19th century there is an active population migration in the territories of the Bulgarian Black Sea. This article studied the causes, directions and consequences of this processes. From the research can be made some basic conclusions: 1. On the migration movements influenced social-economic, political, epidemiological, and demographical factors, these acts in complex. 2. The main migration directions are from West and South to North and Northeast. 3. The meager role for the demographical balance of the studied territory is the number of exiles. This situation has a negative effect on the demographical development of the region. 4. The migrations help to change the age structure of the population in the studied territory. This change is oriented to ageing of the population. 5. The migration movements of the studied population in the 19th century break the traditional high rates in its development.

The article tracking studies in Bulgarian historiography on the subject of migration policy of the Ottoman rule in the Bulgarian lands during the XIX century (to the Liberation). Despite the lack of concrete research on the topic, certain aspects of it dealt with in various publications. Reveal problematic issues and outline the main lines of their interpretation. Indicate still unexplored fields. Considering that the overall development of the topic in the future will contribute to a full disclosure of many aspects of not only demographic, but the overall socioeconomic development of the population inhabiting the Bulgarian lands in the era before the Liberation.